According to the home he said, the word "globalization" is taken from
the global word, whose meaning is universal. Achmad Suparman states
Globalization is a process of making something (object or behavior) as a
characteristic of every individual in this world without being
restricted by region Globalization does not have an established
definition, but simply the definition of work (working definition), so
that depends from which side one looks at it. Some view it as a social
process, or the historical process, or a natural process that will bring
all nations and countries around the world increasingly bound to one
another, create a new order of life or the unity of co-existence by
eliminating geographic boundaries, economic and cultural community.
On the other hand, some see globalization as a project that was carried
by the superpower nations, so may be people who have negative views or
suspicious about it. From this standpoint, globalization is nothing but
capitalism in its most recent. Countries that powerful and rich will
practically control the world economies and small states increasingly
powerless not being able to compete. Therefore, globalization tends to
greatly affect the world economy, and even affect other areas such as
culture and religion. Theodore Levitte is the person who first used the
term globalization in 1985.
Scholte see that there are several definitions which meant people with globalization:
• Internationalization: Globalization is defined as an increase in
international relations. In this case, individual countries retain their
respective identities, but became increasingly dependent on each other.
• Liberalization: Globalization is also defined by the diturunkankan
borders between countries, such as tariff barriers to exports and
imports, foreign exchange flows, and migration.
• Universalising: Globalization is also described as the spread of
things material and immaterial to the whole world. Experience in one
locality can be a worldwide experience.
• Westernization: Westernization is one form of universalization with the spread of western thought and culture, so global.
• Relationships transplanetari and suprateritorialitas: The meaning is
different from the fourth fifth definition above. In the first four
definitions, each country still retains the status of ontology. On the
fifth sense, the global world has its own ontology status, not just a
collaboration of states.
Characteristics of globalization
Here are some characteristics that indicate the growing phenomenon of
globalization in dunia.Hilir mudiknya ships carrying goods between
countries show linkages between people around the world
• Changes in space and time of Constantine. The development of items
such as mobile phones, satellite television, and internet shows that
global communication happens so fast, while through such a mass movement
of tourism allows us to feel a lot of things from different cultures.
• Market and economic production in different countries become
interdependent as a result of international trade growth, increasing
influence of multinational corporations, and the dominance of such an
organization the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• Increased cultural interaction through the development of mass media
(especially television, movies, music, and transmission of international
news and sports). Currently, we can eat and experience new ideas and
experiences on matters that cross a wide range of cultures, for example
in the field of fashion, literature, and the food.
• Increased joint problems, for example in the environmental field, multinational crisis, inflation and other regional.
Kennedy and Cohen conclude that this transformation has led to the
globalism, a new awareness and understanding that the world is one.
Giddens asserts that most of us realize that we are actually taking part
in a world that must be changed without the control which is marked by
taste and a sense of interest in the same thing, change and uncertainty,
and the fact that may occur. Similarly, Peter Drucker mentions era of
globalization as social transformation.
The theory of globalization
Cochrane and Pain confirms that in relation to globalization, there are three theoretical positions that can be seen, namely:
• The globalists believe that globalization is a reality that has real
consequences on how people and institutions around the world running.
They believe that countries and local culture will be lost buffeted by
the global economic culture and homogeneous. however, the globalist do
not have the same opinion about the consequences of that process.
• The positive and optimistic globalist respond well to such
developments and stated that globalization will produce a world society
that is tolerant and responsible.
• The pessimistic globalists argue that globalization is a negative
phenomenon because it is actually a form of western colonialism
(especially the United States) which forced a number of forms of culture
and consumption of the homogeneous and seen as something that is true
on the surface. Some of them then formed groups to oppose globalization
(anti-globalization).
• The traditionalists do not believe that globalization is happening.
They argue that this phenomenon is a mere myth or, if any, have been
exaggerated. They consider that capitalism has become an international
phenomenon for hundreds of years. What we experience today is just an
advanced stage, or evolution, from production and trading capital.
• The transformasionalis be among the globalist and traditionalist. They
agree that the impact of globalization has been greatly exaggerated by
the globalists. However, they also argue that it is very foolish if we
deny the existence of the concept. This theoretical position argues that
globalization should be understood as "a set of interrelated
relationships with purely through a force, most of which do not occur
immediately. " They claim that this process could be reversed,
especially when it is negative or, at least, can be controlled.
History of globalization
Many historians refer to globalization as a phenomenon in the 20th
century is associated with the rise of the international economy. Though
interaction and globalization in international relations in the world
has existed since centuries ago. When traced, the seeds of globalization
have grown when humans began to recognize the trade antarnegeri around
the year 1000 and 1500 AD At that time, traders from China and India
began to explore another country either by road (such as the Silk Road)
and the sea for trade. File: McDonalds Oslo 2.jpg Phenomenon McDonald in
seluroh company grows throughout the world indicate the occurrence of
globalization.
The next phase is marked by the dominance of Muslim trade in Asia and
Africa. Muslims form a trading network which include Japan, China,
Vietnam, Indonesia, Malacca, India, Persia, the East African coast,
Mediterranean Sea, Venice, and Genoa. In addition to forming a trade
network, the Muslim traders also spread his religious values, names,
alphabet, architecture, social and cultural value to the citizens of the
Arab world.
The next phase is marked by exploration of the world on a large scale by
Europeans. Spanish, Portuguese, English and Dutch were the forerunners
of this exploration. This is supported also by the industrial revolution
that enhances linkages among nations of the world. various technologies
began to found and become the basis of current technological
developments, such as computers and the Internet. At that time, also
develops colonization in the world who carry major influence on the
diffusion of culture in the world.
The continued development of industry and the need for raw materials and
markets also led to many multinational companies in the world. In
traditional Indonesia for example, since open-door policy, European
companies to open many branches in Indonesia. Freeport and Exxon of the
United States, Unilever of the Netherlands, British Petroleum of the UK
are some examples. Multinational companies such as these remain the icon
of globalization to date.
The next phase went ahead and got the momentum when the cold war ended
and the collapse of communism in the world. The collapse of communism as
if to justify that capitalism is the best way to realize prosperity in
the world. The implication, of countries in the world started to provide
ourselves as a free market. This is supported also by the development
of communication technology and transportation. As a result, interstate
barriers began to blur.]]
Pro-globalization movement
Proponents of globalization (often also called pro-globalization)
consider that globalization can increase economic welfare and prosperity
of the world community. They are based on the theory of comparative
advantage which coined by David Ricardo. This theory states that a
country with other countries are interdependent and mutually beneficial
to each other, and one form is the dependence in the economic field.
Both countries can do an exchange transaction in accordance with
comparative advantage it has. For example, Japan has a comparative
advantage in product digital camera (capable of printing more efficient
and high quality), while Indonesia has a comparative advantage in cloth
products. With this theory, Japan is advisable to stop the production of
cloth and transfer of production factors to maximize the production of
digital cameras, and fabric supply shortfalls by buying from Indonesia,
and vice versa.
One major obstacle is the presence of cooperation over the restrictions
and protection policies of the government of a country. On the one hand,
this policy can protect domestic production, but on the other hand,
this will increaseproduction costs of imported goods so difficult to
penetrate target country markets . The pro-globalism does not agree that
there is protection and the ban, they want to do free trade policies so
that prices of goods can be suppressed, consequently the demand will
increase. Due to increased demand, prosperity will increase and so on.
Some pro-globalism also criticized the World Bank and IMF, they argue
that these two bodies only controlling and transferring funds to a
country, not to a cooperative or company. As a result, many loans they
provided falls into the hands of dictators who then embezzled and do not
use these funds as it should, leaving its people in a state of debt
bondage, and as a result, the level of prosperity will decline. Due to
declining levels of prosperity, the state of society consequently is
forced to reduce the level of consumption, including consumption of
imported goods, so the pace of globalization will be hampered and -
according to them - reduce the welfare of the world.
Sumber : Google